About HAm Radio

MORSE CODE
Morse Code is an International Language. The code was developed by Samuel Morse (1791-1872). All Morse code alphabets are a combination of two elementary characters: a dot (.) and a dash(-). A dot has a length of one time unit and the dash have a length of three units. The length of pause between dot or dash in character is one time unit and length of pause between characters is three units. Similarly length of pause between words equals six time units.

Morse Code is the simplest mode which can be operated upon with simple equipment and can cover large distances that any other mode and therefore will become handy in any emergency situation. Morse code have the ability to override noise and static and still make itself readable. It occupies only a fraction of the bandwidth of radio telephony signals.

Learning morse code is considered as a major stumbing block in passing the examination for a licence. The best way to study morse code is by associationg the sounds with the particular letter. For example the sound dah-di-di-dit is letter B. You can practice morse code by listening to morse code transmissions. I have written a program on C++, which can be used for practicing Morse code. Click here to find more about Morse Tutor.

Below are the morse code characters.

A .- di-dah
B -... dah-di-di-dit
C -.-. dah-di-dah-dit
D -.. dah-di-dit
E . dit
F ..-. di-di-dah-dit
G --. dah-dah-dit
H .... di-di-di-dit
I .. di-dit
J .--- di-dah-dah-dah
K -.- dah-di-dah
L .-.. di-dah-di-dit
M -- dah-dah
N -. dah-dit
O --- dah-dah-dah
P .--. di-dah-dah-dit
Q --.- dah-dah-di-dah
R .-. di-dah-dit
S ... di-di-dit
T - dah
U ..- di-di-dah
V ...- di-di-di-dah
W .-- di-dah-dah
X -..- dah-di-di-dah
Y -.-- dah-di-dah-dah
Z --.. dah-dah-di-dit

NUMBERS

1 .---- di-dah-dah-dah-dah
2 ..--- di-di-dah-dah-dah
3 ...-- di-di-di-dah-dah
4 ....- di-di-di-di-dah
5 ..... di-di-di-di-dit
6 -.... dah-di-di-di-dit
7 --... dah-dah-di-di-dit
8 ---.. dah-dah-dah-di-dit
9 ----. dah-dah-dah-dah-dit
0 ----- dah-dah-dah-dah-dah

( -.--. dah-di-dah-dah-dit
) -.--.- dah-di-dah-dah-di-dah
+ .-.-. di-dah-di-dah-dit
= -...- dah-di-di-di-dah

Full Stop .-.-.- di-dah-di-dah-di-dah [AAA]
Comma --..-- dah-dah-di-di-dah-dah [MIM]
Semi-colon -.-.-. dah-di-dah-di-dah-dit [NNN]
Hyphen -....- dah-di-di-di-di-dah [BA]
Question
Mark ..--.. di-di-dah-dah-di-dit [IMI]
Invitation
to transmit -.- dah-di-dah [K]
Wait .-... di-dah-di-di-dit [AS]
End of
Message .-.-. di-dah-di-dah-dit [AR]
Error ........ di-di-di-di-di-di-di-dit [HH]
Message
Received .-. di-dah-dit [R]
Sentance
Separation
Sign -...- dah-di-di-di-dah [BT]

Ham Radio Frequencies
Hams have been allotted range of frequencies in the different short wave bands ( 1.8 - 30 MHz) as well as in the VHF ( above 30 MHz and below 300 MHz ) and UHF ( 300 through 3000 MHz ) bands. However, the hams mostly utilise short wave frequencies because of the ability of the short wave radio signals are reflected back from a charged layer in the earths atmosphere known as the ionosphere. The most common short wave band where one can except to listen a ham radio station in India are the 40 meter (7-7.1 MHz), 20 meter (14-14.35 MHz) and 15 meter (21-21.45 MHz). Among these bands 40 meter band is the most popular.

About Ham Radio
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HAM RADIO Amateur Radio is a scientific hobby. Amateur Radio is popularly known as Ham Radio. You can establish your own radio station and talk to friends all over the world.
Ham Radio Tranceiver A ham radio operator is a radio enthusiast who by virtue of his fascination towards wireless communication technology enables himself to establish his own two way radio station and communicate around the world for sheer joy, thrill and excitement involved in successfully establishing radio contacts around the world. According to the Indian Wireless Telegraph Rules 1978, Amateur Radio service means a service of self training communication and technical investigations carried on by amateurs, that is, persons duly authorised under these rules interested in radio techniques solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest. Ham Radio started with Marconi. All the present wireless systems like radio, television, cell phones and other wireless communication is possible because of his amateur experiment. The hobby can be as simple as talking on local-area repeaters with those in the same town, to building a satellite or experimenting with new forms of telecommunications. Ham Radio operators can talk to those on the other side of the earth with nothing more than a simple short wave transceiver (transmitter + receiver) and a simple dipole antenna. Amateur Radio Q-Codes International Q Code is an abbreviated way to exchange a great deal of information with a simple code. The Q Code consists of three-letter groups with each group having a specific meaning. Each group begins with the letter Q. Auxiliary letter groups or numbers are also used to help define the information that is need or passed with certain Q Code three-letter groups. The International Q Code can be arranged in three types of code groups according to the second letter in the three-letter Q Code. The Q Code comprises : A. General Codes, second letter of which is R, S, T or U. (Some used by Hams). B. Maritime Service Codes, second letter of which is O, P or Q. C. Aeronautical Codes, second letter of which is A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M or N. Some common Q-Codes used by Amateur Radio Operators are: Signal Question Answer, Advice or Order QRG Will you indicate my exact frequency in kilocycles? Your frequency is ... kc. QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies. QRI How is the tone of my transmission? The tone of your transmission is ... 1. Good. 2. Variable. 3. Bad. QRJ Are you receiving me badly? Are my signals weak? I cannot receive you. Your signals are too weak. QRK What is the legibility of my signals (1 to 5)? The legibility of your signals is ... (1 to 5). QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or busy with....). Please do not interfere. QRM Are you being interfered with? I am being interfered with. QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static. QRO Must I increase power? Increase power. QRP Must I decrease power? Decrease power. QRQ Must I send faster? Send faster ... (words per min.). QRS Must I send more slowly? Transmit more slowly ... (w.p.m.). QRT Must I stop transmission? Stop transmission. QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you. QRV Are you ready? I am ready. QRW Must I advise ... that you are calling him on ... kc? Please advise ... that I am calling him on ... kc. QRX When will you call again? I will call you again at ... hours (on ... kc.). QRZ By whom am I being called? You are being called by ... QSA What is the strength of my signals (1 to 5)? The strength of your signals is ... (1 to 5). QSB Does the strength of my signals vary? The strength of your signals varies. QSD Is my keying correct? Are my signals distinct? Your keying is incorrect; your signals are bad. QSG Must I transmit ... telegrams (or one telegram) at a time? Transmit ... telegrams (or one telegram) at a time. QSK Shall I continue the transmission of all my traffic? I can hear you between my signals. Continue: I shall interrupt you if necessary. QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt. QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram I sent you? Repeat the last telegram you sent me. QSO Can you communicate with ... directly (or through...)? I can communicate with ... direct (or through...). QSP Will you relay to ...? I will relay to ... free of charge. QSV Shall I send a series of VVV....? Send a series of VVV. QSX Will you listen for ... (call sign) on ... kcs? I am listening for ... on ... kcs. QSY Shall I change to ... kilocycles without changing the type of wave? Change to ... kc. without changing type of wave. QSZ Shall I send each word or group twice? Send each word or group twice. QTA Shall I cancel nr ... as if it had not been sent? Cancel nr ... as if it had not been sent. QTB Do you agree with my word count? I do not agree with your word count; I shall repeat the first letter of each word and the first figure of each number. QTC How many telegrams have you to send? I have ... telegrams for you or for .... QTH What is your position (location)? My position (location) is .... QTR What is the exact time? The exact time is .... Fabricating CB Antennas			MORSE CODE Morse Code is an International Language. The code was developed by Samuel Morse (1791-1872). All Morse code alphabets are a combination of two elementary characters: a dot (.) and a dash(-). A dot has a length of one time unit and the dash have a length of three units. The length of pause between dot or dash in character is one time unit and length of pause between characters is three units. Similarly length of pause between words equals six time units. Morse Code is the simplest mode which can be operated upon with simple equipment and can cover large distances that any other mode and therefore will become handy in any emergency situation. Morse code have the ability to override noise and static and still make itself readable. It occupies only a fraction of the bandwidth of radio telephony signals. Learning morse code is considered as a major stumbing block in passing the examination for a licence. The best way to study morse code is by associationg the sounds with the particular letter. For example the sound dah-di-di-dit is letter B. You can practice morse code by listening to morse code transmissions. I have written a program on C++, which can be used for practicing Morse code. Click here to find more about Morse Tutor. Below are the morse code characters. A .- di-dah B -... dah-di-di-dit C -.-. dah-di-dah-dit D -.. dah-di-dit E . dit F ..-. di-di-dah-dit G --. dah-dah-dit H .... di-di-di-dit I .. di-dit J .--- di-dah-dah-dah K -.- dah-di-dah L .-.. di-dah-di-dit M -- dah-dah N -. dah-dit O --- dah-dah-dah P .--. di-dah-dah-dit Q --.- dah-dah-di-dah R .-. di-dah-dit S ... di-di-dit T - dah U ..- di-di-dah V ...- di-di-di-dah W .-- di-dah-dah X -..- dah-di-di-dah Y -.-- dah-di-dah-dah Z --.. dah-dah-di-dit NUMBERS 1 .---- di-dah-dah-dah-dah 2 ..--- di-di-dah-dah-dah 3 ...-- di-di-di-dah-dah 4 ....- di-di-di-di-dah 5 ..... di-di-di-di-dit 6 -.... dah-di-di-di-dit 7 --... dah-dah-di-di-dit 8 ---.. dah-dah-dah-di-dit 9 ----. dah-dah-dah-dah-dit 0 ----- dah-dah-dah-dah-dah ( -.--. dah-di-dah-dah-dit ) -.--.- dah-di-dah-dah-di-dah + .-.-. di-dah-di-dah-dit = -...- dah-di-di-di-dah Full Stop .-.-.- di-dah-di-dah-di-dah [AAA] Comma --..-- dah-dah-di-di-dah-dah [MIM] Semi-colon -.-.-. dah-di-dah-di-dah-dit [NNN] Hyphen -....- dah-di-di-di-di-dah [BA] Question Mark ..--.. di-di-dah-dah-di-dit [IMI] Invitation to transmit -.- dah-di-dah [K] Wait .-... di-dah-di-di-dit [AS] End of Message .-.-. di-dah-di-dah-dit [AR] Error ........ di-di-di-di-di-di-di-dit [HH] Message Received .-. di-dah-dit [R] Sentance Separation Sign -...- dah-di-di-di-dah [BT] Ham Radio Frequencies Hams have been allotted range of frequencies in the different short wave bands ( 1.8 - 30 MHz) as well as in the VHF ( above 30 MHz and below 300 MHz ) and UHF ( 300 through 3000 MHz ) bands. However, the hams mostly utilise short wave frequencies because of the ability of the short wave radio signals are reflected back from a charged layer in the earths atmosphere known as the ionosphere. The most common short wave band where one can except to listen a ham radio station in India are the 40 meter (7-7.1 MHz), 20 meter (14-14.35 MHz) and 15 meter (21-21.45 MHz). Among these bands 40 meter band is the most popular.